Technology and philosophy

Today, speaking about the technician, we use such expressions as "the technician of agriculture", "the technician of building", "the technician of doctoring", "the technician of management", etc. However the same expressions we connect "the technician of love" with concept "technology". At the very end of ХIХ centuries Alfredo Espinosa in the book "technology Occurrence" suggested to create the doctrine about various kinds of arts and the technician, and they were considered as activity kinds. According to A.Espinosa, the technology as studying organic laws of human practice should represent "the general prakseologiyu", filling with that a blank in modern organon knowledge - absence "action philosophies". As the kind of activity of the technician of building or the technician of love really a little than differ from each other: both there and there we can allocate sequence of operations, rules, activity conditions.

However in concept "technology" it is possible to catch two more senses which are absent in espinosovskoy of the concept. The technology, really, nevertheless is somehow connected with technics, and besides, is not simple with technics, and with by civilization gains by which we are obliged natural and to engineering science, technics and technical inventions. When we, for example, speak today about computer and information technology we mean those new possibilities and even the whole scientific and technical revolution which this technology bears with itself. Supervision have shown, that about technology have started talking after people have partly learnt to operate development of manufacture and technics when they have noticed, that operated and controllable development of manufacture and technics allows to solve a number of difficult economic or military problems. In other words, such sense is connected with concept of technology as possibility of purposeful increase of efficiency of technics. And not only technicians. The further analysis has shown, that by civilization gains, achievement of new effects of work ` are connected not only with new technics, but also with new forms of cooperation, the manufacture or activity organisation, with possibilities of concentration of resources, with a standard of work, with the saved up scientific and technical and cultural potential, with energy and purposefulness of efforts of a society and the state etc. Gradually under technology began to mean a difficult reality which in the functional relation provides those or others by civilization gains (that is is the mechanism of innovations and developments), and as a matter of fact represents sphere of purposeful efforts (a policy, management, modernisation, intellectual and resource maintenance etc.), essentially determined, however, nearby sociocultural factors.

But also A.Espinos is partly right, asserting, that the technology and the doctrine about activity are congenial also to appointment. Since that moment as representation about technology has been generalised to wider, than simply "the new technics", understanding, it became obvious, that the technology is one of specialised modern forms of development of activity, that technology development is defined more by the general mechanisms of development of activity. It is possible to agree, that activity - wider category, than technology, but technology more concrete, specific category as with technology are connected a number of special, modern mechanisms of development of activity - tracing of its efficiency in civilization the plan, the control and management over development, attention to the technological party has put etc.

It is known, that specific comprehension of technology has arisen late enough (it concerns end ХIХ to beginning ХХ of century) as during this period the aspects of technology specified here were generated. However "activity the nature" allows technology (under condition of retrospective, under a technological corner of sight, activity consideration in last epoch) to speak about technology and technological revolutions almost since a neolith. Certainly, at the wheel or publishing invention, or electric cars anybody specially did not trace efficiency of new technics or activity, and also did not carry out the realised efforts under the control and management over activity development. Nevertheless, we in a sense can speak today about new technology and even the technological revolutions caused by given opening and inventions. And that is why. Activity so is arranged (more precisely, we to it attribute such structure), that contains the elements close by the nature by what define essence of technology. Really, in culture activity, focus also is functional, that predetermines its social efficiency. Further, activity is, as a rule, the special mechanism of development. Activity is, actually, that in the historical validity that develops and reproduced. At last, activity assumes also such plan as comprehension and the control (differently it is not possible to keep and reproduce its key parametres). Certainly, in usual conditions activity ways of comprehension and the control are carried out not in that form which is characteristic for a technological reality. It first of all so-called professional experience, praktiko-methodical knowledge (rules, action principles, interdictions, descriptions of ways and activity receptions etc.) Sphere of transfer of professional experience, i.e. training. But it is possible to notice, that these nonspecific for technology ways of comprehension and the control nevertheless on a number of parametres are similar with technological though are less perfect. Thus, with the account activity the technology nature (in the methodological relation taking into account possibility to present as, so to say, not articulated, potential form of technology) we can and to allocate in last epoch technology and to speak activity about technological revolutions though the specific form of a reflexion of technology has arisen to historical measures more recently. But as a matter of fact (and to a method) to the analysis in these cases will be subject activity and its development, in them will be traced, on the one hand, civilization shifts and achievements (social effects), with another - the management and control mechanisms, whatever imperfect from the point of view of subsequent already technological development they were. However nevertheless it is necessary to understand, that activity and technology are not identical. Activity as a principle and object of studying concerns area of the bases of filosofsko-methodological thinking. It set in respect of an installation method on reproduction, development, transformation, translation, cooperation possibility (positions, certificates activity), connection in the analysis of different plans of studying (material, functional, structural, remedial, epistemological etc.) . The technology is only one of specific kinds of activity. In filosofsko-methodological thinking the technology concerns not the bases, and to a subject domain, i.e. it study by means of categories "activity", "reality", "existence" and others. But in the philosophy of technics of concept of "technician" and "technology" act as the basis. Representation of activity as technology (with epithets "potential", "not articulated", "virtual", etc.) reception quite lawful if to mean a corresponding context - the analysis of essence of technics and technics genesis in culture. Out of this context the identification of technology with activity can lead to various paradoxes. Further identifying technology and activity, we will mean this context.

Coming back now to judgement of expressions of type of "the technician of agriculture", "the technician of building", "the technician of doctoring", "the technician of management", "the technician of love", it is possible to notice, that civilization changes and revolutions are reached as at the expense of opening and use of effects of the first nature (that is, actually, at the expense of technics development), and at the expense of new technological possibilities, that is at the expense of activity development. In one cases the invention (creation) of new technics, in others - new technology, in the third - a combination and joint action of that and another is solving. Each time is required the concrete historical analysis to understand, for which account of "means" of new technics or technology, or a combination of new technics and technology there was a certain development, became possible defined civilization achievements. And more often the third case, of course, takes place, that, by the way, throws light on complexity of the analysis and an explanation of history and the technics nature. If not to distinguish the specified three plan and object - technics, technology, and activity it is practically impossible to understand anything. The same three plan and object of studying sets that position from which point of view it is expedient to carry out technics genesis. Namely in a cultural history us the real structure of technics and technology, the form of comprehension and understanding of technics and the technologies defining possibility of their control and management, sociocultural the factors which have caused formation of corresponding structures technicians and technologies will interest

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